Abu Zar Mishwani
The operating system is the backbone of any computer system, providing a platform for applications and services. It is responsible for managing the system’s resources, controlling user access, and ensuring the system’s security. Operating systems are essential for enabling computers to run efficiently and securely and providing users with a platform to develop and use applications.
In this article, we will explore the different types of operating systems, the features they offer, and the history of how they have evolved over the years. We will also discuss the importance of operating systems for users and how they are used today.
What is an OS (Operating System)?
An operating system (OS) is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It is a set of programs that manage a computer’s hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware. In technical terms, it is software that manages hardware.
An example of an operating system is Microsoft Windows. This system provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the system using a mouse and keyboard. Additionally, Windows provides various services such as file management, memory management, device drivers, network connections, and system security.
A computer is like a human body that needs a “soul” to function. A human body is useless without a soul; similarly, a computer is useless without an operating system. The OS has the same relationship with computer hardware as the human soul with the human body.
Without an operating system, a computer is nothing more than an empty dump of metal. To run application programs on a computer, an operating system must be installed. Operating systems carry out fundamental tasks, including accepting input from input devices, sending data from main memory to the CPU for processing, and sending output to output devices. In addition, it manages peripheral devices and maintains track of files and folders on the hard disk drive.
Why Use an Operating System?
Using an operating system is essential for any computer because it makes it easier to interact with the hardware. For example, an OS can manage a computer’s memory and hard drive, allowing the user to store and access data. It also provides the user with a graphical user interface (GUI), which simplifies the process of interacting with the computer. Additionally, an OS enables multiple users to share the same computer and provides security measures to protect the data stored on the computer.
By providing an interface between the user and the hardware, an OS makes it easier to use a computer. Without an OS, a user would need to understand the complicated details of the hardware and be able to write code to interact with the hardware. With an OS, a user can interact with the computer through a GUI and use applications to accomplish tasks.
An operating system is responsible for managing different resources on a computer. For example, it determines how memory is allocated, tasks are scheduled, and data is stored. It also provides a platform for applications to run on. Without an OS, applications would not be able to access the computer’s resources or communicate with each other.
Without an operating system, users would have to control manually every aspect of their computers, such as manually allocating memory and scheduling tasks. This would be extremely tedious and time-consuming. Furthermore, users would be unable to easily install or uninstall applications, as there would be no platform to run on.
In addition, users would not be able to access the internet or utilize other network services, as there would be no network stack to provide internet access. Furthermore, users would not be able to access the security features of their computers, as there would be no operating system to manage user accounts and control access.
Finally, an operating system is essential for a computer system, as it provides the user with an interface to access the hardware and software on their computer and manage the security features and network connections. Without an operating system, users would face a great deal of difficulty using their computers.
Functions of an Operating System
A computer’s operating system is the primary control system that provides a wide range of services and functions to the computer and its users. These services and functions help the computer perform its tasks and provide the user with an easy way to interact with the computer.
Below are the common functions of an Operating System:
- Process Management
- Memory Management
- Device Management
- File Management
- Input/Output System Management
- Secondary Storage Management
- Network Management
- Protection System
- Command Interpreter
#1. Process Management:
Process management is the core responsibility of an Operating System. It is responsible for creating, scheduling, and terminating processes, which are programs in execution. Process management is responsible for the execution of programs and their associated activities on a computer system. This includes allocating resources to processes, granting access to system resources, providing synchronization among processes, and providing communication between processes. It also includes the management of virtual memory, which is the portion of a computer’s memory dedicated to processes. Process management also involves the management of I/O devices such as files, printers, and networks.
#2. Memory Management:
Memory Management is a process of controlling and coordinating the computer’s memory and its use. It is responsible for allocating system resources, such as memory and disk space, to processes and programs to ensure the efficient and effective operation of the system. Memory Management is an important part of the Operating System, as it ensures that the system resources are used efficiently and effectively. It also helps to prevent the system from running out of memory, which can cause an application or program to crash. Memory Management is typically handled by the system’s virtual memory manager, which is responsible for allocating memory to processes and programs based on their current and future needs.
#3. Device Management:
Device Management is an Operating System function responsible for managing hardware devices connected to a computer, such as printers, scanners, and other peripherals. Device Management provides the means for a user to monitor and control the status of connected devices. It also allows the user to configure the device’s settings, such as the printer, to suit their needs. Device Management also allows troubleshooting any issues that may arise with the connected devices. Furthermore, it can provide the means to install and uninstall drivers and software that may be required for the proper functioning of the hardware devices.
#4. File Management:
File Management is one of the core functions of an Operating System. It allows the OS to store, organize, and manage all the files and data stored on the computer. File Management includes creating, opening, editing, deleting, and moving files and folders and organizing them into a logical structure. This includes storing data in different formats, such as text, images, and videos. The OS also includes tools to search and find files and allows users to set permissions on files and folders to control who can access them. Additionally, it includes the ability to compress and encrypt files for security.
#5. Input/Output Management:
Input/Output (I/O) management is a critical component of an operating system. It manages data flow between the computer and its peripherals, such as keyboards, disks, printers, and other devices. It is responsible for receiving data from the user, sending it to the device, and processing it in the system. It also handles the control signals, such as interrupts and status signals, that allow the system to communicate with its peripherals. The operating system must be able to control the timing of these signals to ensure that the data is sent and received correctly. It must also be able to handle errors that may occur during I/O operations.
#6. Secondary Storage Management:
Secondary storage management is the process of managing and organizing data stored on secondary storage devices, such as hard disks and USB flash drives. The purpose of this process is to ensure that data is organized and stored efficiently. This is done by creating partitions, allocating space for each file, and organizing data into folders. Secondary storage management also involves managing the input and output of data from the secondary storage device, such as reading and writing data from and to the device. Additionally, it may involve compressing and encrypting data for improved security. It is important to ensure that data is organized and stored correctly to maximize the device’s efficiency and performance.
#7. Network Management:
Network management is a function of an operating system that enables the user to manage the computer network. This includes setting up, managing, and monitoring connections between computers and other devices, such as printers and scanners. Network management also includes configuring settings, such as IP addresses, domain names, and other parameters. Additionally, it includes diagnosing, troubleshooting, and repairing any problems that may arise with the network. Network management also includes setting up user accounts and managing user privileges to access network resources. Finally, network management includes security measures, such as firewalls and antivirus software, to protect the network from malicious activity.
#8. Protection System:
A protection system is a set of rules and mechanisms that are put into place to protect resources from unauthorized access. The most common form of protection system is the access control list (ACL), which is a list of users, groups, or other entities that are granted access to specific resources. The protection system defines the type of access each user or group has to a particular resource, allowing the system administrator to control who can view, modify, or delete the resource. The access control list also helps to prevent malicious users from accessing resources they are not authorized to access. Additionally, a protection system can include authentication, encryption, and other security measures to ensure the system’s integrity.
#9. Command Interpreter:
A command interpreter is a program that interprets and executes commands given by the user. It is also referred to as a shell, command processor or command line interpreter. The command interpreter takes the user’s input and interprets it into commands the computer can understand. The command interpreter is the interface between the user and the operating system, allowing the user to interact with the operating system by typing commands. Examples of command interpreters include the Windows Command Prompt, the Unix/Linux Shell, and the Mac OS X Terminal.
Components of an Operating System
The operating system is composed of two components that enable it to carry out the aforementioned functions: one part to manage the data and instructions and a second to manage the hardware.
- Kernel
- Shell
1. Kernel:
The kernel, the innermost part of the OS, is the operating system’s core and is responsible for managing the system’s resources, including the processor, memory, disk, network, and other hardware. The kernel is also responsible for managing software such as applications, drivers, and utilities. It provides communication between the hardware and software components of the system, allowing them to interact with each other. The kernel is responsible for scheduling tasks and managing data sharing among multiple programs. It is also responsible for controlling access to the system’s resources and preventing unauthorized access. Additionally, the kernel is responsible for providing a secure environment for user applications.
2. Shell:
It is the outermost part of the OS. Shell is the user interface of an operating system. It is responsible for taking user commands, interpreting them, and then executing the appropriate instructions. The shell is the main way a user interacts with the operating system. It can launch applications, navigate the file system, and perform system-level tasks such as creating users and running system diagnostics. Additionally, the shell can be used to customize the operating system, such as setting environment variables, creating aliases, and editing configuration files.
Types Of Operating Systems
Operating systems are the backbone of a computer system and come in various types.
In this section, we will provide an overview of the types of OS we will discuss each in detail in our upcoming guides.
#1. Batch Processing Operating System:
Batch Processing Operating Systems allow users to queue up jobs for execution at a later time. These jobs are then executed in batches, and the system is responsible for scheduling and allocating resources.
#2. Multiprogramming Operating System:
Multiprogramming Operating Systems are the type of OS that support multiple programs simultaneously. They allow multiple programs to be executed concurrently and effectively allocate resources to each program.
#3. Multitasking Operating System:
Multitasking Operating Systems are responsible for allowing multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously. These tasks are usually related to the same program or application, and the operating system manages the resources required for each task.
#4. Time-Sharing Operating System:
A time-sharing operating system is a type of operating system that allows multiple users to access a single computer system simultaneously. This type of operating system allows users to share a single system’s resources and use the computer simultaneously without any disruption.
#5. Real-Time Operating System:
Real-Time Operating Systems are designed to respond to events in real-time. These operating systems are used for applications requiring quick response times, such as industrial automation, robotics, and aircraft control systems.
#6. Multiprocessor Operating System:
Multiprocessor Operating Systems are used to leverage the power of multiple processors. These operating systems can divide tasks across multiple processors, allowing them to be executed in parallel and thus improve the overall system performance.
#7. Parallel Processing Operating System:
Parallel Processing Operating Systems execute multiple tasks concurrently by dividing each task into smaller subtasks and executing them simultaneously across multiple processors. This allows the operating system to utilize the power of multiple processors and improve the overall system performance.
#8. Distributed Operating System:
Distributed Operating Systems are designed to run on multiple computers connected over a network. These operating systems coordinate the resources of multiple computers and allow them to interact with each other.
#9. Embedded Operating System:
Embedded Operating Systems are the OS types that run on embedded devices, such as smartphones and tablets. These operating systems are typically designed for specific tasks and are optimized for power and space efficiency.
History Of Operating Systems
The first operating system was developed in the 1950s by Robert L. Patrick of General Motors for their mainframe computers. The name of this operating system was GM-NAA I/O, and it was designed to control and manage the storage of data. It was released in 1956 and was the first commercial operating system ever developed.
In the 1960s, IBM released their own operating system, called the IBM OS/360. This operating system was designed to run on IBM’s System/360 mainframe computers. It was the first operating system to support multiple users and programs simultaneously.
In the 1970s, Xerox introduced the Alto operating system, which was the first operating system to use a graphical user interface (GUI). It was used to run Xerox’s Alto computer, which was the first personal computer to feature a mouse, a windowed interface, and other features that are now common on modern computers.
In the 1980s, Microsoft released the MS-DOS operating system. It was designed to run on IBM’s personal computers, and was the first operating system to gain widespread adoption.
On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, which was the first operating system to feature a fully-functional graphical user interface (GUI). It was designed to run on IBM-compatible computers, and was the first version of Windows to gain widespread adoption.
On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X, which was designed to run on their Macintosh computers. It was the first operating system to feature an Aqua-style graphical user interface (GUI).
Finally, on September 23, 2008, Google released the Android operating system. It was designed to run on smartphones and tablets and was the first mobile operating system to gain widespread adoption.
Popular Operating Systems 2023
These are the most popular operating systems of all time:
2. macOS
3. Linux
4. Android
5. iOS
Advantages Of Operating Systems
1. Improved system performance: Operating systems increase efficiency by managing hardware, software, and user resources.
2. Increased user accessibility: Operating systems provide an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it easier for users to interact with their computers.
3. Improved device support: Operating systems provide drivers and other software programs that allow users to use peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, and digital cameras.
4. Enhanced security: Operating systems provide a secure platform to prevent malicious programs and unauthorized access.
5. Improved communication: Operating systems enable users to network their computers and exchange data and information.
6. Increased multitasking: Operating systems allow users to run multiple programs simultaneously, increasing productivity.
7. Increased software compatibility: Operating systems provide a platform for applications to run, allowing users to install and use programs from different vendors.
Disadvantages Of Operating Systems
1. Restrictions on hardware and software compatibility: Operating systems often impose limits on the type of hardware and software that can be used with them.
2. High cost of upgrades: Upgrading the operating system can be expensive, especially when additional features are needed.
3. Security risks: Operating systems are vulnerable to malicious attacks, viruses, and other security risks.
4. Performance issues: Operating systems can cause slowdowns and other performance issues.
5. Technical support costs: Technical support for an operating system can be expensive and time-consuming.
6. Complexity: Operating systems can be difficult to understand and use, especially for new users.
7. Compatibility problems: Operating systems are not always compatible with different types of software and hardware.